This is Eric's logbook for Nano Japan project from 2012.6.3-2012.7.27.

Daily schedule†

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Goal of the project.†

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Schedule for discussion†

Time and DayMonTueWedThuFri
09:00-10:00SatoNugrahaTapsanitTatsumiNugraha
13:30-14:30SaitoSimonHasdeoSimonTapsanit
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Questions and Answers†

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Q: About Brillouin Zone†

Hey guys! So I believe this is where I should post questions. I don't have any specific questions today, but was just trying to understand Brillouin zones and Bloch's theorem, which appear a lot in Saito-sensei's book on Carbon Nanotubes.

From google I have an ok idea of what Brillouin zones are, but am still trying to figure out how they relate to the energy gap of the cell such as on page 28 of the CN book. I was also wondering how on page 47 the Brillouin zone can be a long line segment instead of a polygon.

If anybody has any quick words of advice for how to understand Bloch's theorem that would be great as well! It's a little bit intimidating and I'm not sure if there's a simple way to begin to understand it.

Thanks so much and see you guys in a couple of weeks!

Eric

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Answer (by Tapsanit)†

Please consider my answers one by one in order to understand the Brillouin zone.

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Q: About copy machine†

Can I use a copy machine or printer?

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A: (not solved)†

Yes, and they are across the hall from my room.

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Q: About library†

I would like to know where the library is and how to use it.

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A: (not solved)†

The library is on the 7th floor. To check out a book I write information on a special wooden card and place it where the book had been. I also give the slip inside of the book to the librarian, and I return the book to the librarian.

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Report†

This part is basically written by Eric-san. Any other people can add this. Here the information should be from new to old so that we do not need to scroll.

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June 8†

This morning Nugraha-san came and we talked a little bit about the reciproical lattice. We then attacked the problem of the differential equation given by a Gaussian force. After working for a while we did not find a satisfying solution, and it's possible that for this equation a simple solution doesn't exists. If we had more boundary conditions it's possible that the solution would be simpler.

We then talked a little bit about Fortran and Nugraha-san showed me a website from Boston University that had a lot of good Frotran tutorials.

In the afternoon Tapsanit-san came in and we constructed the Brillioun zone of both the square lattice and of graphene. We obtained the symmetry points (Gamma, M, K and K') in the Brillioun zone. We compared the area of the Brillioun zone with that of the square lattice.

Finally, we looked at the Fortran task given by Hasdeo-san and we created a program that gives a cascading array of integers, as desired. Tapsanit-san printed out some pages on optical processes that I can read this weekend if I have time.

To Do:

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June 7†

In the morning Tatsumi-san and Ominato-san explained to me the reciprocal lattice of graphene. First we derived the unit cell of graphene. We derived the reciprocal lattice and found then found the Brillouin zone of graphene, which is also a hexagon but rotated by 90 degrees.

To somewhat review what Tapsanit-san taught me yesterday we then talked about the wavevector (k) in the reciprocal lattice, and frequency as a function of k. We showed that this satisfied Bloch's theorem and described the periodic boundary conditions. Then, we talked about the acoustic mode vs the optical mode. We showed that the number of modes will increase if we increase the number of atoms in a unit cell. In the problem where two different types of masses are connected with identical springs, the lower valued function is the 'acoustic mode', where all the atoms vibrate in the same direction at the same value of time. The higher valued function is the optical mode, where some of the atoms are pushed towards each other while other atoms are pushed away from each other.

At 10:30 I accompanied Hasdeo-san to Japanese class where I learned the ta form of verbs. For instance: "Kyoto e itta koto ga arimaska?" = "Have you ever been to Kyoto?". Iie, arimasen. Watashi wa Kyoto ni ikitai.

In the afternoon I went to the group meeting where Simon-san presented his animations and some differential equations. His POV-Ray animations were very cool and also really helped to illustrate the acoustic vs. optical vibrational modes. Tomorrow we made plans to discuss some of the differential equations he had been working with, because I need to know them as well.

Later in the afternoon, Ominato-san and Tatsumi-san returned to teach me more physics. Ominato-san had written a long sequence of very good problems some of which we worked through. We defined the Drude Model of electron conduction, and wrote the equation of electron motion including a frictional term: \[ m\frac{dv}{dt}=e(E+\frac{1}{c}v X H)-(\frac{m}{T})v \]

We derived v(t) when H=0, and then for the steady state solution (dv/dt=0) We then Derived &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; (the conductivity) based on the relation: \[ j=nev= \sigma E \]

Next, we derived v(t) for a more general case and put into matrix form the equation: \[ j= \sigma E \]

Ominato-san explained the classical Hall effect and we breifly talked about special relativity. The energy of a particle with mass is given by E=+/- sqrt((cp)^2+(mc^2)^2) were E is a parabolic function of p. However in graphene electron behave as if they have no mass and E=+/- cp.

To Do:

I learned a tremendous amount of theory today. My understanding of the lattice has made good progress over the last several days.

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June 6†

In the afternoon Hasdeo-san explained further about Fortran programming language. After working through a program he made he gave me several assignments to do. Hasdeo-san also helped me learn to navigate the directories of command prompt.

To Do: 1. Get a correctly formatted w(k) graph to Nugraha-san AND learn about/explain which is the optical mode and which is the acoustic mode. 2. Solve Saito-sensei's differential equation by learning about Fourier transforms. 3. Solve Hasdeo-san's problems:

  - plot the cascading list of integers
  - graph two fxns (different parabolas) using Fortran
  - output fxn data in column form
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June 5†

Also, Florian-san showed me how to use the POV-Ray software. We installed it on the desktop machine and I worked through the basic tutorial.

Also, solve the diff eq for a Gaussian.

If I have time consider the infinite 1D series of spring mass problems, but in the case that all masses are the same, but the spring constants are different.

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June 4†

to do:

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Task from Tapsanit (Bloch's theorem and reciprocal lattice)†

  1. Check that the &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; satisfies the Bloch's theorem.
    • Answer: Bloch's theorem is: \[ T_{\vec a_i}\Psi = e^{(i\vec{k}\cdot\vec{a_i})}\Psi \] Here &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; is a translation operator: &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.;. Then, also note that &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; is a periodic function. We have &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; because &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; is a unit lattice vector. Thus: \[ T_{\vec{a}_i} \Psi(\vec{r}) = \Psi(\vec{r} + \vec{a}_i) \] \[ = e^{(i\vec{k} \cdot (\vec{r} + \vec{a}_i))} u(\vec{r} + \vec{a}_i) \] \[ = e^{i\vec{k} \cdot \vec{a}_i} [e^{i\vec{k}\cdot \vec{r}} u(\vec{r})] \] \[ =e^{i\vec{k} \cdot \vec{a}_i}\Psi\left(\vec{r}\light) \] The Bloch theorem is satisfied.
  2. Derive the unit vectors of reciprocal lattice, &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; and &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.;, of graphene in Eq. (2.23) of CN book using &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; and &tex(): Error! The expression contains invalid characters.; in Eq. (2.22).
    • Answer: Here we use \[ \vec{a}_i = {\rm unit~vector~of~real~lattice} \] \[ \vec{b}_i = {\rm unit~vector~of~reciprocal~lattice} \] \[ \vec{a}_i\cdot\vec{b}_i = 2\pi \] \[ \vec{a}_i\cdot\vec{b}_j = 0 \quad {\rm if} \quad i \neq j \] From Eq. (2.22) of CN book: \[ 
      \vec {a}_1 = \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a,\frac{a}{2}\right), \quad
\vec {a}_2 = \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a,-\frac{a}{2}\right)
      \]

\[ \vec{a}_1\cdot\vec{b}_1 = a_{1x}b_{1x}+a_{1y}b_{1y}=b_{1x}\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{2}+b_{1y}\frac{a}{2}=2\pi \] \[ \vec{a}_2\cdot\vec{b}_1 = a_{2x}b_{1x}+a_{2y}b_{1x}=b_{1x}\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{2}-b_{1y}\frac{a}{2}=0 \]

\[b_{1y}\frac{a}{2}=b_{1x}\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{2} \] \[b_{1x}\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{2}+b_{1x}\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{2}=2\pi \]

\[b_{1x}=\frac{2\pi}{a\sqrt{3}} \] \[b_{1y}=\frac{2\pi}{a} \]

\[

\vec {b}_1 = \left(\frac{2\pi}{a\sqrt{3}},\frac{2\pi}{a}\right), \quad
\vec {b}_2 = \left(\frac{2\pi}{a\sqrt{3}},\frac{-2\pi}{a}\right)

\]

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