This page describes the operating system commands required to execute Gaussian on Unix-based computer systems. See the additional instructions accompanying the program for the equivalent information for other operating systems. This discussion assumes that the program has already been installed. The final section lists the component links of the Gaussian 03 program.
Running Gaussian involves the following activities:
Creating Gaussian input describing the desired calculation.
Specifying the locations of the various scratch files.
Specifying resource requirements.
Initiating program execution, in either interactive or batch mode.
In this page, we will assume that a basic Gaussian input file has been created, and our discussion will examine the remaining three items on the list.
Gaussian uses several scratch files in the course of its computation. They include:
The Checkpoint file: name.chk
The Read-Write file: name.rwf
The Two-Electron Integral file: name.int
The Two-Electron Integral Derivative file: name.d2e
By default, these files are given a name generated from the process ID of the Gaussian process, and they are stored in the scratch directory, designated by the GAUSS_SCRDIR environment variable (UNIX). You may also see files of the form name.inp
By default, these files are deleted at the end of a successful run. However, you may wish to save the checkpoint file for later use in another Gaussian job, for use by a visualization program, to restart a failed job, and so on. This may be accomplished by naming the checkpoint file, providing an explicit name and/or location for it, via a %Chk command within the Gaussian input file. Here is an example:
%Chk=water
This command, which is placed at the beginning of the input file (before the route section-see chapter 3 for details), gives the checkpoint file the name water.chk, overriding the usual generated name and causing the file to be saved at job conclusion. In this case, the file will reside in the current directory. However, a command like this one will specify an alternate directory location as well as filename:
%Chk=/chem/scratch2/water
If disk space in the scratch directory is limited, but space is available elsewhere on the system, you may want to split the scratch files among several disk locations. The following commands allow you to specify the names and locations of the other scratch files:
%RWF=path Read-Write file %Int=path Integral file
%D2E=path Integral Derivative file
In general, the read-write file is by far the largest, and so it is the one for which an alternate location is most often specified.
An alternate syntax is provided for splitting the Read-Write file, the Integral file, and/or the Integral Derivative file among two or more disks (or file systems). Here is the syntax for the %RWF command:
%RWF=loc1,size1,loc2,size2, ...
where each loc is a directory location or a file pathname, and each size is the maximum size for the file segment at that location. Gaussian will automatically generate unique filenames for any loc which specifies a directory only. On UNIX systems, directory specifications (without filenames) must include a terminal slash.
By default, the sizes are in units of words; the value may be followed by KB, MB or GB (without intervening spaces) to designate KB, MB or GB, respectively, or by KW, MW or GW to indicate units of kilowords, megawords or gigawords, respectively. Note that 1 MB = 10242 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes (not 1,000,000 bytes).
A value of -1 for any size parameter indicates that any and all available space may be used, and a value of 0 says to use the current size of an existing segment. -1 is useful only for the last file specified, for which it is the default.
For example, the following directive splits the Read-Write file across three disks:
%RWF=/dalton/s0/,60MW,/scratch/,800MB,/temp/s0/my_job,-1
The maximum sizes for the file segments are 480 MB, 800 MB, and unlimited, respectively. Gaussian will generate names for the first two segments, and the third will be given the name my_job. Note that the directory specifications include terminal slashes.
Due to limitations in current UNIX implementations, -1 should be used with caution, as it will attempt to extend a file segment beyond all remaining disk capacity on these systems; using it will also have the side effect of keeping any additional file segments included in the list from ever being used.
By default, unnamed scratch files are deleted at the end of the Gaussian run, and named files are saved. The %NoSave command may be used to change this default behavior. When this directive is included in an input file, named scratch files whose directives appear in the input file before %NoSave will be deleted at the end of a run (as well as all unnamed scratch files). However, if the % directive naming the file appears after the %NoSave directive, the file will be retained. For example, these commands specify a name for the checkpoint file, and an alternate name and directory location for the read-write file, and cause only the checkpoint file to be saved at the conclusion of the Gaussian job:
%RWF=/chem/scratch2/water Files to be deleted go here. %NoSave %Chk=water Files to be saved go here.
The Gaussian system includes initialization files to set up the user environment for running the program. These files are:
$g03root/g03/bsd/g03.login C shell $g03root/g03/bsd/g03.profile Bourne shell
Note that the g03root environment variable must be set up by the user. Thus, it is customary to include lines like the following within the .login or .profile file for Gaussian users:
.login files: setenv g03root location source $g03root/g03/bsd/g03.login .profile files: g03root=location export g03root . $g03root/g03/bsd/g03.profile
Once things are set up correctly, the g03 command is used to execute Gaussian 03 (see below).
The %Mem command controls the amount of dynamic memory to be used by Gaussian. By default, 6 megawords are used. This can be changed to n double-precision words by specifying:
%Mem=n
For example, the following command sets memory use to 64 million bytes:
%Mem=8000000
The value given to %Mem may also be followed by KB, KW, MB, MW, GB or GW (no intervening spaces) to denote other units. For example, the following command also sets the amount of dynamic memory to 64 MB:
%Mem=64MB
Even larger allocations may be needed for very large direct SCF calculations-at least 3N2 words, where N is the number of basis functions. Frequency and post-SCF calculations involving f functions should be given 6 MWords if possible. Using more than 6 million words for moderate-sized calculations (i.e., a direct SCF with less than 500 basis functions) does not improve performance on most systems.
Warning: Requesting more memory than the amount of physical memory actually available on a computer system will lead to very poor performance.
If Gaussian is being used on a machine with limited physical memory, so that the default of 48 MB is not available, the default algorithms as well as the default memory allocation should be set appropriately during installation. See this page for more details on using Gaussian efficiently.
Once all input and resource specifications are prepared, you are ready to run the program. Gaussian 03 may be run interactively using one of two command styles:
g03 job-name g03 <input-file >output-file
In the first form, the program reads input from job-name.com and writes its output to job-name.log. When job-name is not specified, the program reads from standard input and writes to standard output, and these can be redirected or piped in the usual UNIX fashion. Either form of command can be forced in the background in the same manner as any shell command using &.
Scripts designed to run Gaussian 03 may also be created in several ways (we will use the C shell in these examples). First, g03 commands like those above may be included in a shell script. Secondly, actual Gaussian input may be included in the script using the << construct:
#!/bin/csh g03 <<END >water.log %Chk=water #RHF/6-31G(d) water energy 0 1 O H 1 1.0 H 1 1.0 2 120.0 END echo "Job done. "
All lines preceding the string following the << symbols are taken as input to the g03 command.
Finally, loops may be created to run several Gaussian jobs in succession. For example, the following script runs all of the Gaussian input files specified as its command line arguments, and it maintains a log of its activities in the file Status:
#!/bin/csh echo "Current Job Status:" > Status foreach file ($argv) echo "Starting file $file at `date`" >> Status g03 < $file > $file:r.log echo "$file Done with status $status" >> Status end echo "All Done." >> Status
The following more complex script creates Gaussian input files on-the-fly from the partial input in the files given as the script's command line arguments. The latter are lacking full route sections; their route sections consist of simply a # sign or a # line containing special keywords needed for that molecular system, but no method, basis set, or calculation type.
The script creates a two-step job for each partial input file-a Hartree-Fock optimization followed by an MP2 single point energy calculation-consisting of both the literal commands included in the script and the contents of each file specified at script execution time. It includes the latter by exploiting the Gaussian 03 @ include file mechanism:
#!/bin/csh echo "Current Job Status:" > Status foreach file ($argv) echo "Starting file $file at `date`" >> Status g03 <<END> $file:r.log %Chk=$file:r # HF/6-31G(d) FOpt @$file/N --Link1-- %Chk=$file:r %NoSave # MP2/6-31+G(d,p) SP Guess=Read Geom=AllCheck END echo "$file Done with status $status" >> Status end # end of foreach echo "All Done." >> Status
Gaussian may be run using the NQS batch facility on those UNIX systems that support it. The subg03 command, defined in the initialization files, submits an input file to a batch queue. It has the following syntax:
subg03 queue-name job-name [-scrdir dir1] [-exedir dir2] [-p n]
The two required parameters are the queue and job names. Input is taken from job-name.com and output goes to
To submit an NQS job from an interactive session, a file like the following should be created (with filename name.job):
# QSUB -r name -o name.out -eo # QSUB -lt 2000 -lT 2100 # QSUB -lm 7mw -lM 7mw g03 <name.com
where name should be replaced with a name that is appropriate to your calculation. The first line names the running job, names the output file, and causes errors to be included in the output file. The time parameters are different to allow addition of job control for cleanup, (for example, archiving the checkpoint file in the event that the job exceeds its time limit). The memory parameters are used both for initial scheduling of your job for execution and by the program to determine dynamic memory use.
This job would then be submitted by issuing the command,