## Modulo Forms

A modulo form is a real number which is taken modulo (i.e., within an integer multiple of) some value M. Arithmetic modulo M often arises in number theory. Modulo forms are written a mod M', where a and M are real numbers or HMS forms, and 0 <= a < M. In many applications a and M will be integers but this is not required.

Modulo forms are not to be confused with the modulo operator %'. The expression 27 % 10' means to compute 27 modulo 10 to produce the result 7. Further computations treat this 7 as just a regular integer. The expression 27 mod 10' produces the result 7 mod 10'; further computations with this value are again reduced modulo 10 so that the result always lies in the desired range.

When two modulo forms with identical M's are added or multiplied, the Calculator simply adds or multiplies the values, then reduces modulo M. If one argument is a modulo form and the other a plain number, the plain number is treated like a compatible modulo form. It is also possible to raise modulo forms to powers; the result is the value raised to the power, then reduced modulo M. (When all values involved are integers, this calculation is done much more efficiently than actually computing the power and then reducing.)

Two modulo forms a mod M' and b mod M' can be divided if a, b, and M are all integers. The result is the modulo form which, when multiplied by b mod M', produces a mod M'. If there is no solution to this equation (which can happen only when M is non-prime), or if any of the arguments are non-integers, the division is left in symbolic form. Other operations, such as square roots, are not yet supported for modulo forms. (Note that, although (a mod M)^.5' will compute a "modulo square root" in the sense of reducing @c{$\sqrt a$} sqrt(a) modulo M, this is not a useful definition from the number-theoretical point of view.)

To create a modulo form during numeric entry, press the shift-M key to enter the word mod'. As a special convenience, pressing shift-M a second time automatically enters the value of M that was most recently used before. During algebraic entry, either type mod' by hand or press M-m (that's META-m). Once again, pressing this a second time enters the current modulo.

You can also use v p and % to modify modulo forms. See section Building Vectors. See section Basic Arithmetic.

It is possible to mix HMS forms and modulo forms. For example, an HMS form modulo 24 could be used to manipulate clock times; an HMS form modulo 360 would be suitable for angles. Making the modulo M also be an HMS form eliminates troubles that would arise if the angular mode were inadvertently set to Radians, in which case 2@ 0' 0" mod 24' would be interpreted as two degrees modulo 24 radians!

Modulo forms cannot have variables or formulas for components. If you enter the formula (x + 2) mod 5', Calc propagates the modulus to each of the coefficients: (1 mod 5) x + (2 mod 5)'.

The algebraic function makemod(a, m)' builds the modulo form `a mod m'.