Basic arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication are defined for vectors and matrices as well as for numbers. Division of matrices, in the sense of multiplying by the inverse, is supported. (Division by a matrix actually uses LU-decomposition for greater accuracy and speed.) See section Basic Arithmetic.
The following functions are applied element-wise if their arguments are
vectors or matrices: change-sign, conj, arg,
re, im, polar, rect, clean,
float, frac. See section Index of Algebraic Functions.
The V J (calc-conj-transpose) [ctrn] command computes
the conjugate transpose of its argument, i.e., `conj(trn(x))'.
The A (calc-abs) [abs] command computes the
Frobenius norm of a vector or matrix argument. This is the square
root of the sum of the squares of the absolute values of the
elements of the vector or matrix. If the vector is interpreted as
a point in two- or three-dimensional space, this is the distance
from that point to the origin.
The v n (calc-rnorm) [rnorm] command computes
the row norm, or infinity-norm, of a vector or matrix. For a plain
vector, this is the maximum of the absolute values of the elements.
For a matrix, this is the maximum of the row-absolute-value-sums,
i.e., of the sums of the absolute values of the elements along the
various rows.
The V N (calc-cnorm) [cnorm] command computes
the column norm, or one-norm, of a vector or matrix. For a plain
vector, this is the sum of the absolute values of the elements.
For a matrix, this is the maximum of the column-absolute-value-sums.
General k-norms for k other than one or infinity are
not provided.
The V C (calc-cross) [cross] command computes the
right-handed cross product of two vectors, each of which must have
exactly three elements.
The & (calc-inv) [inv] command computes the
inverse of a square matrix. If the matrix is singular, the inverse
operation is left in symbolic form. Matrix inverses are recorded so
that once an inverse (or determinant) of a particular matrix has been
computed, the inverse and determinant of the matrix can be recomputed
quickly in the future.
If the argument to & is a plain number x, this command simply computes 1/x. This is okay, because the `/' operator also does a matrix inversion when dividing one by a matrix.
The V D (calc-mdet) [det] command computes the
determinant of a square matrix.
The V L (calc-mlud) [lud] command computes the
LU decomposition of a matrix. The result is a list of three matrices
which, when multiplied together left-to-right, form the original matrix.
The first is a permutation matrix that arises from pivoting in the
algorithm, the second is lower-triangular with ones on the diagonal,
and the third is upper-triangular.
The V T (calc-mtrace) [tr] command computes the
trace of a square matrix. This is defined as the sum of the diagonal
elements of the matrix.