The j R (calc-commute-right) command moves the selected
sub-formula to the right in its surrounding formula. Generally the
selection is one term of a sum or product; the sum or product is
rearranged according to the commutative laws of algebra.
As with j ' and j DEL, the term under the cursor is used if there is no selection in the current formula. All commands described in this section share this property. In this example, we place the cursor on the `a' and type j R, then repeat.
1: a + b - c 1: b + a - c 1: b - c + a
Note that in the final step above, the `a' is switched with the `c' but the signs are adjusted accordingly. When moving terms of sums and products, j R will never change the mathematical meaning of the formula.
The selected term may also be an element of a vector or an argument of a function. The term is exchanged with the one to its right. In this case, the "meaning" of the vector or function may of course be drastically changed.
1: [a, b, c] 1: [b, a, c] 1: [b, c, a] 1: f(a, b, c) 1: f(b, a, c) 1: f(b, c, a)
The j L (calc-commute-left) command is like j R
except that it swaps the selected term with the one to its left.
With numeric prefix arguments, these commands move the selected term several steps at a time. It is an error to try to move a term left or right past the end of its enclosing formula. With numeric prefix arguments of zero, these commands move the selected term as far as possible in the given direction.
The j D (calc-sel-distribute) command mixes the selected
sum or product into the surrounding formula using the distributive
law. For example, in `a * (b - c)' with the `b - c'
selected, the result is `a b - a c'. This also distributes
products or quotients into surrounding powers, and can also do
transformations like `exp(a + b)' to `exp(a) exp(b)',
where `a + b' is the selected term, and `ln(a ^ b)'
to `ln(a) b', where `a ^ b' is the selected term.
For multiple-term sums or products, j D takes off one term at a time: `a * (b + c - d)' goes to `a * (c - d) + a b' with the `c - d' selected so that you can type j D repeatedly to expand completely. The j D command allows a numeric prefix argument which specifies the maximum number of times to expand at once; the default is one time only.
The j D command is implemented using rewrite rules.
See section Selections with Rewrite Rules. The rules are stored in
the Calc variable DistribRules. A convenient way to view
these rules is to use s e (calc-edit-variable) which
displays and edits the stored value of a variable. Press M-# M-#
to return from editing mode; be careful not to make any actual changes
or else you will affect the behavior of future j D commands!
To extend j D to handle new cases, just edit DistribRules
as described above. You can then use the s p command to save
this variable's value permanently for future Calc sessions.
See section Other Operations on Variables.
The j M (calc-sel-merge) command is the complement
of j D; given `a b - a c' with either `a b' or
`a c' selected, the result is `a * (b - c)'. Once
again, j M can also merge calls to functions like exp
and ln; examine the variable MergeRules to see all
the relevant rules.
The j C (calc-sel-commute) command swaps the arguments
of the selected sum, product, or equation. It always behaves as
if j b mode were in effect, i.e., the sum `a + b + c' is
treated as the nested sums `(a + b) + c' by this command.
If you put the cursor on the first `+', the result is
`(b + a) + c'; if you put the cursor on the second `+', the
result is `c + (a + b)' (which the default simplifications
will rearrange to `(c + a) + b'). The relevant rules are stored
in the variable CommuteRules.
You may need to turn default simplifications off (with the m O command) in order to get the full benefit of j C. For example, commuting `a - b' produces `-b + a', but the default simplifications will "simplify" this right back to `a - b' if you don't turn them off. The same is true of some of the other manipulations described in this section.
The j N (calc-sel-negate) command replaces the selected
term with the negative of that term, then adjusts the surrounding
formula in order to preserve the meaning. For example, given
`exp(a - b)' where `a - b' is selected, the result is
`1 / exp(b - a)'. By contrast, selecting a term and using the
regular n (calc-change-sign) command negates the
term without adjusting the surroundings, thus changing the meaning
of the formula as a whole. The rules variable is NegateRules.
The j & (calc-sel-invert) command is similar to j N
except it takes the reciprocal of the selected term. For example,
given `a - ln(b)' with `b' selected, the result is
`a + ln(1/b)'. The rules variable is InvertRules.
The j E (calc-sel-jump-equals) command moves the
selected term from one side of an equation to the other. Given
`a + b = c + d' with `c' selected, the result is
`a + b - c = d'. This command also works if the selected
term is part of a `*', `/', or `^' formula. The
relevant rules variable is JumpRules.
The j I (calc-sel-isolate) command isolates the
selected term on its side of an equation. It uses the a S
(calc-solve-for) command to solve the equation, and the
Hyperbolic flag affects it in the same way. See section Solving Equations.
When it applies, j I is often easier to use than j E.
It understands more rules of algebra, and works for inequalities
as well as equations.
The j * (calc-sel-mult-both-sides) command prompts for a
formula using algebraic entry, then multiplies both sides of the
selected quotient or equation by that formula. It simplifies each
side with a s (calc-simplify) before re-forming the
quotient or equation. You can suppress this simplification by
providing any numeric prefix argument. There is also a j /
(calc-sel-div-both-sides) which is similar to j * but
dividing instead of multiplying by the factor you enter.
As a special feature, if the numerator of the quotient is 1, then the denominator is expanded at the top level using the distributive law (i.e., using the C-u -1 a x command). Suppose the formula on the stack is `1 / (sqrt(a) + 1)', and you wish to eliminate the square root in the denominator by multiplying both sides by `sqrt(a) - 1'. Calc's default simplifications would change the result `(sqrt(a) - 1) / (sqrt(a) - 1) (sqrt(a) + 1)' right back to the original form by cancellation; Calc expands the denominator to `sqrt(a) (sqrt(a) - 1) + sqrt(a) - 1' to prevent this. (You would now want to use an a x command to expand the rest of the way, whereupon the denominator would cancel out to the desired form, `a - 1'.) When the numerator is not 1, this initial expansion is not necessary because Calc's default simplifications will not notice the potential cancellation.
If the selection is an inequality, j * and j / will accept any factor, but will warn unless they can prove the factor is either positive or negative. (In the latter case the direction of the inequality will be switched appropriately.) See section Declarations, for ways to inform Calc that a given variable is positive or negative. If Calc can't tell for sure what the sign of the factor will be, it will assume it is positive and display a warning message.
For selections that are not quotients, equations, or inequalities, these commands pull out a multiplicative factor: They divide (or multiply) by the entered formula, simplify, then multiply (or divide) back by the formula.
The j + (calc-sel-add-both-sides) and j -
(calc-sel-sub-both-sides) commands analogously add to or
subtract from both sides of an equation or inequality. For other
types of selections, they extract an additive factor. A numeric
prefix argument suppresses simplification of the intermediate
results.
The j U (calc-sel-unpack) command replaces the
selected function call with its argument. For example, given
`a + sin(x^2)' with `sin(x^2)' selected, the result
is `a + x^2'. (The `x^2' will remain selected; if you
wanted to change the sin to cos, just press C
now to take the cosine of the selected part.)
The j v (calc-sel-evaluate) command performs the
normal default simplifications on the selected sub-formula.
These are the simplifications that are normally done automatically
on all results, but which may have been partially inhibited by
previous selection-related operations, or turned off altogether
by the m O command. This command is just an auto-selecting
version of the a v command (see section Algebraic Manipulation).
With a numeric prefix argument of 2, C-u 2 j v applies
the a s (calc-simplify) command to the selected
sub-formula. With a prefix argument of 3 or more, e.g., C-u j v
applies the a e (calc-simplify-extended) command.
See section Simplifying Formulas. With a negative prefix argument
it simplifies at the top level only, just as with a v.
Here the "top" level refers to the top level of the selected
sub-formula.
The j " (calc-sel-expand-formula) command is to a "
(see section Algebraic Manipulation) what j v is to a v.
You can use the j r (calc-rewrite-selection) command
to define other algebraic operations on sub-formulas. See section Rewrite Rules.