The a p (calc-poly-interp) [polint] command does
a polynomial interpolation at a particular x value. It takes
two arguments from the stack: A data matrix of the sort used by
a F, and a single number which represents the desired x
value. Calc effectively does an exact polynomial fit as if by a F i,
then substitutes the x value into the result in order to get an
approximate y value based on the fit. (Calc does not actually
use a F i, however; it uses a direct method which is both more
efficient and more numerically stable.)
The result of a p is actually a vector of two values: The y value approximation, and an error measure dy that reflects Calc's estimation of the probable error of the approximation at that value of x. If the input x is equal to any of the x values in the data matrix, the output y will be the corresponding y value from the matrix, and the output dy will be exactly zero.
A prefix argument of 2 causes a p to take separate x- and y-vectors from the stack instead of one data matrix.
If x is a vector of numbers, a p will return a matrix of
interpolated results for each of those x values. (The matrix will
have two columns, the y values and the dy values.)
If x is a formula instead of a number, the polint function
remains in symbolic form; use the a " command to expand it out to
a formula that describes the fit in symbolic terms.
In all cases, the a p command leaves the data vectors or matrix on the stack. Only the x value is replaced by the result.
The H a p [ratint] command does a rational function
interpolation. It is used exactly like a p, except that it
uses as its model the quotient of two polynomials. If there are
N data points, the numerator and denominator polynomials will
each have degree N/2 (if N is odd, the denominator will
have degree one higher than the numerator).
Rational approximations have the advantage that they can accurately describe functions that have poles (points at which the function's value goes to infinity, so that the denominator polynomial of the approximation goes to zero). If x corresponds to a pole of the fitted rational function, then the result will be a division by zero. If Infinite mode is enabled, the result will be `[uinf, uinf]'.
There is no way to get the actual coefficients of the rational function used by H a p. (The algorithm never generates these coefficients explicitly, and quotients of polynomials are beyond a F's capabilities to fit.)