Help file for the main code of the ABINIT package.

This document explains the i/o parameters and format needed for the main code (abinis) in the ABINIT package.

The new user is advised to read first the new user's guide, before reading the present file. It will be easier to discover the present file with the help of the tutorial.

It is worthwhile to print this help file, for ease of reading.

When the user is sufficiently familiarized with ABINIT, the reading of the ~ABINIT/Infos/tuning file might be useful. For response-function calculations using abinis, the complementary respfn help file ~ABINIT/Infos/respfn_help.html is needed.

Copyright (C) 1998-2004 ABINIT group (DCA, XG)
This file is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, see ~ABINIT/Infos/copyright or http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.txt .
For the initials of contributors, see ~ABINIT/Infos/contributors .

Goto : ABINIT home Page | Welcome | Suggested acknowledgments | List of input variables | Tutorial home page | Bibliography
Help files : New user's guide | Abinis (main) | Abinis (respfn) | Mrgddb | Anaddb | AIM (Bader) | Cut3D

Content of the help file.

 


 

1. How to run the code

1.1. Introducing the files file.

Given an input file (parameters described below) and the required pseudopotential files, the user must create a "files" file which lists names for the files the job will require, including the main input file, the main output file, root names for other input, output, or temporary files, and different pseudopotential file names.

The files file (called for example ab.files) could look like:

    ab_in
    ab_out
    abi
    abo
    tmp
    14si.psp
  

In this example:
- the main input file is called "ab_in",
- the main output will be put into the file called "ab_out",
- the name of input wavefunctions (if any) will be built from the root abi (namely abi_WFK, see later) ,
- the output wavefunctions will be written to abo_WFK. Other output files might be build from this root,
- the temporary files will have a name that use the root "tmp" (for example tmp_STATUS),
- the pseudopotential needed for this job is "14si.psp".

Other examples are given in the ~ABINIT/Test_fast directory. The maximal length of names for the main input or output files is presently 132 characters. It is 112 characters for the root strings, since they will be supplemented by different character strings.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 

1.2. Running the code

The main executable files are called abinis (sequential version), or abinip (parallel version). In the present help file, we will concentrate on the sequential version. There is a brief introduction to the use of the parallel version in the ~ABINIT/Infos/paral_use file. Supposing that the "files" file is called ab.files, and that the executable is placed in your working directory, abinis is run interactively (in Unix) with the command


or, in the background, with the command

where standard out and standard error are piped to the log file called "log" (piping the standard error, thanks to the '&' sign placed after '>' is really important for the analysis of eventual failures, when not due to ABINIT, but to other sources, like disk full problem ...). The user can specify any names he/she wishes for any of these files. Variations of the above commands could be needed, depending on the flavor of UNIX that is used on the platform that is considered for running the code.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 


 

2. The underlying theoretical framework and algorithms

See the "bibliography" file.

The methods employed in this computer code to solve the electronic structure problem are described in part in different review papers as well as research papers. The code is an implementation of the Local Density Approximation to the Density Functional Theory, based upon a plane wave basis set and separable pseudopotentials. The iterative minimization algorithm is a combination of fixed potential preconditioned conjugate gradient optimization of wavefunction and a choice of different algorithms for the update of the potential, one of which is a potential-based conjugate gradient algorithm.

The representation of potential, density and wavefunctions in real space will be done on a regular 3D grid of points. Its spacing will be determined by the cut-off energy (see the input variable "ecut") of the planewave basis in reciprocal space. This grid of points will also be the starting point of Fast Fourier Transforms between real and reciprocal space. The number of such points, called "ngfft", should be sufficiently large for adequate representation of the functions, but not too large, for reason of computational efficiency. The trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency is present in many places in the code, and addressed briefly at the end of the present help file.

We recommend a good introduction to many different concepts valid for this code, available in a Reviews of Modern Physics article, ``Iterative minimization techniques for ab initio total-energy calculations: molecular dynamics and conjugate gradients'', M. C. Payne, M. P. Teter, D. C. Allan, T. A. Arias, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 1045-1097 (1992).
This paper does NOT reflect the present status of the code. ABINIT is closer in spirit to the paper of of Kresse and Furthmuller, see the bibliography list (except that it does not use ultrasoft pseudopotentials, and that response functions have been implemented in ABINIT.)

 


 

 3. The input file

3.1. Format of the input file.

Note that this input file was called ab_in in the example of section 1.1 .
We first explain the content of the input file without use of the "multi-dataset" possibility (that will be explained in section 3.3).

The parameters are input to the code from a single input file. Each parameter value is provided by giving the name of the input variable and then placing the numerical value(s) beside the name, separated by one or more spaces. Depending on the input variable, the numerical value may be an integer or a real number (internal representation as double precision number), and may actually represent an array of values. If it represents an array, the next set of numbers separated by spaces are taken as the values for the array.

The names of all the parameters can be found in the input variables file. The definitions of all the parameters can be found in :

In the actual input file, these parameters may be given in any order desired and more than one may be given per line. Spaces are used to separate values and additional spaces are ignored.
An as example of input, the parameter for length scales is called "acell" and is an array acell(3) for the lengths of the primitive translations in bohr atomic units. To input a typical Si diamond lattice one would have the line

acell 10.25311 10.25311 10.25311

in the input file. This may equivalently be written

acell 3*10.25311

and will still be parsed correctly.
Multiple spaces are ignored, as is any text which does not contain the character strings which correspond to some input parameters. In case of arrays, only the needed numbers will be considered, and the eventual numbers after those needed will also be ignored. For example,

natom 3 # This gives the number of atoms
typat 1 1 2 2 3 # typat(1:natom) gives the type of each atom : only
               # the three first data are read, since natom=3

A given variable is identified by the parser by having at least one blank before it and after it (again, multiple blanks are irrelevant).
ABINIT has also some (very limited) interpretor capabilities :

To include comments it is recommended that they be placed to the right of the comment characters # or ! ; anything to the right of a "#" or a "!" on any line is simply ignored by the parser. Additional text, not preceeded by a "#" or a "!" would not otherwise cause trouble unless the text inadvertantly contained character strings which were the same as variable names (e.g. "acell"). The characters "#" or "!" can also be used to "store" old values of variables or place anything else of convenience into the file in such a way as to be ignored by the parser when the data is read.
Case is irrelevant as the entire input string is mapped to upper case before parsing, to remove case sensitivity.
More than one parameter per line may be given. If a given parameter name is given more than once in the input file, an error message is printed, and the code stops.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 

3.2. More about ABINIT input variables.

In each section of the ABINIT input variables files, a generic information on the input variable is given : a mnemonics, some "characteristics", the variable type, and the default. Then, follows the description of the variable.

The mnemonics is indicated when available.

The "characteristics" can be of different types : DEVELOP, RESPFN, GEOMETRY BUILDER, SYMMETRISER, SYMMETRY FINDER, NO MULTI, EVOLVING, ENERGY, LENGTH. We now explain each of these classes.

'DEVELOP' refers to input variables that are not used in production runs, but only during development time. For non developers, it is strongly advised to skip them.

Some input variables are related to response function features, and are indicated 'RESPFN'. Detailed explanations related to response function features are to be found in the complementary respfn help file ~ABINIT/Infos/respfn_help.html. The initials RF are used for 'response function', and non-response-function are often referred to as GS (for ground-state), although this latter designation is not really satisfactory.

There are also parameters related to the geometry builder, a preprocessor of the input file, aimed at easing the work of the user when there are molecules to be manipulated (rotation and translation), or group of atoms to be repeated. The indication 'GEOMETRY BUILDER' is given for them. These can also be skipped for the first few steps in the use of the code.
Indeed, it should be easy to set up the geometry of systems with less than 20-40 atoms without this geometry builder. Even for larger systems, its functionalities could eventually be of no help. For a step-to-step description of this geometry builder, look at the variable 'nobj'.

Alternatively to the geometry builder, there is also a symmetriser. It allows to generate the full set of atoms in the primitive cell from the knowledge of the symmetry operations and the atoms in the asymetric cell. It also allows to generate the symmetry operations from the knowledge of the number of the space group according to the international crystallographic tables. The indication 'SYMMETRISER' is given for the variables related to its use. Look at the variable 'spgroup'.
You may find in the space group help file the crystallographic equivalence of the parameters belonging to the symmetriser.

Still as an alternative to the geometry builder and the symmetriser, if all the coordinates of the atoms are given, the code is able to deduce all symmetry operations leaving the lattice and atomic sublattices invariant, see 'SYMMETRY FINDER'.

Most of the variables can be used in the multi-dataset mode (see section 3.3), but those that must have a unique value throughout all the datasets are signaled with the indication 'NO MULTI'

Most of the input variables do not change while a run is performed. Some of them, by contrast, may evolve, like the atomic positions, the atomic velocities, the cell shape, and the occupation numbers. Their echo, after the run has proceeded, will of course differ from their input value. They are signaled by the indication 'EVOLVING'.

The use of the atomic unit system (e.g. the Hartree for energy, about 27.211 eV, and the Bohr for lengths about 0.529 Angstroms) is strictly enforced within the code. However, the dimension of some input variables can be specified and read correctly. At present, this applies to two types of variables : those that have the dimension of an energy, and those that have a dimension of length. The first class of variables have the characteristics 'ENERGY', and can be specified in atomic units (Hartree), or electron-volts, or Rydbergs, or even Kelvin. The second class of variables have the characteristics 'LENGTH', and can be specified in atomic units (Bohr) and angstrom. The abinit parser recognize a dimension if it is specified after the list of numbers following the input variable keyword, in the input file. The specification can be upper or lower case, or a mix thereof. Here is the list of recognized chains of characters :

Except in the case of 'Angstr', the abbreviation must be used (i.e. 'Rydberg' will not be recognized presently). Other character chains, like "au" (for atomic units) or "Hartree", or "Bohr" are not recognized, but make the parser choose (by default) atomic units, which is the correct behaviour. Example :
     acell 8 8 8 angstrom
     ecut 8 Ry
     tsmear 1000 K
  
or
      acell 3*10 Bohr  ecut 270 eV  tsmear 0.01
  
The use of the atomic units is mandatory for other dimensioned input variables, like the tolerance on forces (toldff), parameters that define an 'object' (objaax, objbax, objatr, objbtr), and the initial velocity of atoms (vel - if needed).

The initial atomic positions can be input in Bohr or Angstrom through 'xcart', but also, independently, in Angstrom through 'xangst', or even in reduced coordinates, through 'xred'. Reduced cartesian coordinates must be used for the eventual translations accompanying symmetry operations (tnons).

In addition to giving the input variables, the input file can be useful for another purpose : placing the word "exit" on the top line will cause the job to end smoothly on the very next iteration. This functions because the program closes and reopens the input file on every iteration and checks the top line for the keyword "exit". THE WORD MUST BE PLACED WITH SPACES (BLANKS) ON BOTH SIDES. Thus placing exit on the top line of the input file WHILE THE JOB IS ALREADY RUNNING will force the job to end smoothly on the very next iteration. On some machines, this does not work always (we do not know why...). Another possibility is offered : one can create a file named "abinit.exit" in the directory where the job was started. The code should also smoothly end. In both cases, the stop is not immediate. It can take a significant fraction (about 20% at most) of one SCF step to execute properly the instruction still needed.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 

3.3. The multi-dataset mode.

Until now, we have assumed that the user wants to make computations corresponding to one set of data : for example, determination of the total energy for some geometry, with some set of plane waves and some set of k-points.

It is often needed to redo the calculations for different values of some parameter, letting all the other things equal. As typical examples, we have convergence studies needed to determine which cut-off energy gives the needed accuracy. In other cases, one makes chains of calculations in order to compute the band structure : first a self-consistent calculation of the density and potential, then the eigenenergy computation along different lines.

For that purpose, the multi-dataset mode has been implemented.

It allows the code to treat, in one run, different sets of data, and to chain them. The number of datasets to be treated is specified by the variable ndtset, while the indices of the datasets (by default 1, 2, 3, and so on) can be eventually provided by the array jdtset.

For each dataset to be treated, characterized by some index, each input variable will determined by the following rules (actually, it is easier to understand when one looks at examples, see below) :

     
     ---------------

     1st example. 

     ndtset   2   
      acell   8 8 8
       ecut1  10
       ecut2  15
means that there are 2 datasets : a first in which
     acell 8 8 8  ecut 10 
has to be used, and a second in which
     acell 8 8 8  ecut 15
has to be used.
     ------------------

     2nd example

     ndtset 2     jdtset 4 5

     acell   8 8 8
     acell5 10 10 10
     ecut1  10
     ecut2  15
     ecut3  20
     ecut4  25
     ecut5  30

this means that there are still two datasets, but now characterized by the indices 4 and 5, so that the first run will use the generic "acell", and "ecut4" :

     acell 8 8 8 ecut 25 
and the second run will use "acell5" and "ecut5" :
     acell 10 10 10 ecut 30 

Note that ecut1, ecut2 and ecut3 are not used.

 

3.4. Defining a series.

Rules (2) is split in three parts : (2a), (2b) and (2c).
Series relate with (2b):

(2b) If the variable name appended with the index of the dataset does not exist, the code looks whether a series has been defined for this keyword.

There are two kinds of series :

The first term of the series is defined by the keyword appended with a colon (e.g. ecut: ), while the increment of an arithmetic series is defined by the keyword appended with a plus (e.g. ecut+ ), and the factor of a geometric series is defined by the keyword appended with a times (e.g. ecut* ).

If the index of the dataset is 1, the first term of the series is used, while for index N , the appropriate input data is obtained by considering the Nth term of the series.

  ------------------

  3rd example 

    ndtset 6 
    ecut1 10 
    ecut2 15 
    ecut3 20 
    ecut4 25 
    ecut5 30 
    ecut6 35 
is equivalent to
    ndtset 6 ecut: 10 ecut+ 5 

In both cases, there are six datasets, with increasing values of ecut.

 

3.5. Defining a double loop dataset

To define a double loop dataset, one has first to define the upper limit of two loop counters, thanks to the variable udtset. The inner loop will execute from 1 to udtset(2), and the outer loop will execute from 1 to udtset(1). Note that the largest value for udtset(1) and udtset(2) is 9 presently.

The value of ndtset must be coherent with udtset (it must equal the product udtset(1)*udtset(2) ).

A dataset index is created by the concatenation of the outer loop index and the inner loop index.
For example, if udtset(1) is 2 and udtset(2) is 4, the index will assume the following values : 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, and 24.

Independently of the use of udtset, rules (2a) and (2c) will be used to define the value of an input variable:

(2a) The question mark "?" can be used as a metacharacter, replacing any digit from 1 to 9, to define an index of a dataset.
For example, ecut?1 means that the input value that follows it can be used for ecut for the datasets 01, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, and 91.

(2c) If the variable name appended with the index of the dataset does not exist, the code looks whether a double-loop series has been defined for this keyword. Series can be defined for the inner loop index or the outer loop index. Two signs will be appended to the variable name (instead of one in the simple series case). One of these signs must be a question mark "?", again used as a metacharacter able to assume the values 1 to 9.
If it is found in the first of the two positions, it means that the series does not care about the outer loop index (so the values generated are equal for all outer loop index values). If it is found in the second of the two positions, the series does not care about the inner loop index. The other sign can be a colon, a plus or a times, as in the case of the series defined in (2a), with the same meaning.

Rule (1) has precedence over them, they have precedence over rules (3) or (4), rule (2a) has precedence over rules (2b) or (2c) and the two latter cannot be used simultaneously for the same variable.

     
     ------------------

     4th example
     ndtset 6    udtset 2 3
     acell1?  10 10 10
     acell2?  15 15 15
     ecut?: 5    ecut?+ 1
is equivalent to
     ndtset 6     jdtset 11 12 13  21 22 23   
     acell11  10 10 10     ecut11 5
     acell12  10 10 10     ecut12 6
     acell13  10 10 10     ecut13 7
     acell21  15 15 15     ecut21 5
     acell22  15 15 15     ecut22 6
     acell23  15 15 15     ecut23 7

More examples can be found in the directory Test_v1, cases 59 and later.

 

3.6. File names in the multi-dataset mode.

The root names for input and output files (potential, density, wavefunctions and so on) will receive an appendix : '_DS' followed by the index of the dataset. See section 4.

The 'get' variables can be used to chain the calculations.

Until now, there are eight of them : getwfk, getwfq, getddk, get1wf, getden, getcell, getxred and getxcart.

The different variables corresponding to each dataset are echoed using the same indexing convention as for the input step. For the last echo of the code variables, some output variables are also summarized, using the same conventions :

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 


 

4. The "files" file

Note: This "files" file is called ab.files in section 1.1 .

Contains the file names or root names needed to build file names. These are listed below : there are 5 names or root names for input, output and temporaries, and then a list of pseudopotentials. These names may be provided from unit 05 interactively during the run but are more typically provided by piping from a file in unix (the "files" file).

ab_in
Filename of file containing the input data, described in the preceeding sections.

ab_out
Filename of the main file in which formatted output will be placed (the main output file). Error messages and other diagnostics will NOT be placed in this file, but sent to unit 06 (terminal or log file); the unit 06 output can be ignored unless something goes wrong. The code repeats a lot of information to both unit 06 and to the main output file. The unit 06 output is intended to be discarded if the run completes successfully, with the main output file keeping the record of the run in a nicer looking format.

abi
The other files READ by the code will have a name that is constructed from the root "abi". This apply to optionally read wavefunction, density or potential files. In the multi-dataset mode, this root will be complemented by '_DS' and the dataset index. The list of possible input files, with their name created from the root 'abi' is the following (a similar list exist when '_DS' and the dataset index are appended to 'abi'):

abo
Except "ab_out" and "log", the other files WRITTEN by the code will have a name that is constructed from the root "abo". This apply to optionally written wavefunction, density, potential, or density of states files. In the multi-dataset mode, this root will be complemented by '_DS' and the dataset index. Also in the multi-dataset mode, the root "abo" can be used to build the name of input files, thanks to the 'get' variables. The list of possible input files, with their name created from the root 'abo' is the following (a similar list exists when '_DS' and the dataset index are appended to 'abo') :

When ionmov/=0, the POT, DEN, GEO, or CML.xml files are output each time that a SCF cycle is finished. The "x" of TIMx aims at giving each of these files a different name. It is attributed as follows:
- case ionmov==1 : there is an initialization phase, that takes 4 calls to the SCF calculation. The value of x will be A, B, C, and D. Then, x will be 1, 2, 3 ... , actually in agreement with the value of itime (see the keyword ntime)
- other ionmov cases : the initialisation phase take only one SCF call. The value of x will be 0 for that call. Then, the value of x is 1, 2, 3 ... in agreement with the value of itime (see the keyword ntime)

tmp
The temporary files created by the codes will have a name that is constructed from the root "tmp". tmp should usually be chosen such as to give access to a disk of the machine that is running the job, not a remote (NFS) disk. Under Unix, the name might be something like /tmp/user_name/temp. The most important temporary files, with their name created from the root "tmp" is the following :

psp1
filename of first pseudopotential input file. The pseudopotential data files are formatted. There must be as many filenames provided sequentially here as there are types of atoms in the system, and the order in which the names are given establishes the identity of the atoms in the unit cell. (psp2, psp3, ... )

 

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 


 

  5. The pseudopotential files

The following section describes the file structure used for the pseudopotential files with different formats. Actually, no real understanding of these files is needed to run the code, but for different other reasons, it might be useful to be able to understand the file structures. Different format are possible (labelled 1 to 6 presently) The associated internal variable is called pspcod. Example of use are found in ~ABINIT/Test_v1 . Informations on the file structure can be found in the ~ABINIT/Infos/Psp_infos directory.

 


 

6. The different output files

Explanation of the output from the code

Output from the code goes to several places listed below.

 

6.1. The log file

The "log" file (this is the standard UNIX output file, and corresponds to Fortran unit number 06) : a file which echoes the values of the input parameters and describes various steps of the calculation, typically in much more detail than is desired as a permanent record of the run. This log file is intended to be informative in case of an error or for a fuller description of the run. For a successful run the user will generally delete the log file afterwards. There are four types of exception messages : ERROR, BUG, WARNING and COMMENT messages.

ERROR and BUG messages cause the code to stop, immediately, or after a very small delay. An ERROR is attributed to the user, while a BUG is attributed to the developer.

A WARNING message indicates that something happened that is not as expected, but this something is not so important as to make the code stop. A COMMENT message gives some information to the user, concerning something unusual. None of them should appear when the run is completely normal.

After a run is completed, always have a look at the end of the log file, to see whether an ERROR or a BUG occurred.

Also, the code gives the number of WARNING or COMMENT it issued. It is advised to read at least the WARNING messages, during the first month of ABINIT use.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 

6.2. The main output file

The main output file is a formatted output file to be kept as the permanent record of the run.

Note that it is expected not to exist at the beginning of the run:
If a file with the name specified in the "files" file already exists, the code will generate, from the given one, another name, appended with .A . If this new name already exists, it will try to append .B , and so on, until .Z .
Then, the code stops, and asks you to clean the directory.

The main output file starts with a heading:

Then, for each dataset, it reports the point symmetry group and Bravais lattice, and the expected memory needs. It echoes the input data, and report on checks of data consistency for each dataset.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 

6.3. More on the main output file

Then, for each dataset, the real computation is done, and the code will report on some initialisations, the SCF convergence, and the final analysis of results for this dataset. Each of these phases is now described in more details.

The code reports:

Until here, the output of a ground-state computation is identical to the one of a response-function calculation. See the respfn_help document for the latter, especially section 6.2.

Next the code reports information for each SCF iteration:

This ends the content of a fixed atomic position calculation.

Many such blocks can follow.

When the atomic positions have been eventually relaxed, according to the value of ntime, the code output more information:

Having finished all the calculations for the different datasets, the code echoes the parameters listed in the input file, using the latest values e.g. for xred, vel, and xcart, and supplement them with the values obtained for the total energy, the forces and stresses, as well as occupation numbers.
The latter echoes are very convenient for a quick look at the result of calculation !

This is followed finally by the timing output: both "cpu" time and "wall clock" time as provided by calls within the code.
The total cpu and wall clock times are reported first, in seconds, minutes, and hours for convenient checking at a glance.
Next are the cpu and wall times for the principal time-consuming subroutine calls, each of which is independent of the others. The sum of these times usually accounts for about 90% of the run time.
The main subroutines, for BIG jobs, are

In case of small jobs, other (initialisation) routines may take a larger share, and the sum of the times for the principal time-consuming subroutine calls will not make 90% of the run time..

If the long printing option has been selected (prtvol=1), the code gives much more information in the whole output file. These should be rather self-explanatory, usually. Some need more explanation.
In particular the cpu and wall times for major subroutines which are NOT independent of each other; for example vtorho conducts the loop over k points and calls practically everything else. In case of a ground state calculation, at fixed atomic positions, these subroutines are

 

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

  6.4. The header

The wavefunction files, density files, and potential files all begins with the same records, called the "header".
This header is treated using a hdr_type datastructure inside ABINIT. There are dedicated routines inside ABINIT for initializing a header, updating it, reading the header of an unformatted disk file, writing a header to an unformatted disk file, echoing a header to a formatted disk file, cleaning a header datastructure.

The header is made of 4+npsp unformatted records, obtained by the following Fortran90 instructions (format 4.2):

 write(unit=header) codvsn,headform,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,npsp,ntypat,occopt,pertcase,&
& ecut,ecutsm,ecut_eff,qptn(1:3),rprimd(1:3,1:3),stmbias,tphysel,tsmear
 write(unit=header) istwfk(1:nkpt),nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),so_typat(1:ntypat),symafm(1:nsym),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucltypat(1:ntypat)
 do ipsp=1,npsp
! (npsp lines, 1 for each pseudopotential ; npsp=ntypat, except if alchemical pseudo-atoms)
  write(unit=unit) title,znuclpsp,zionpsp,pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy, Fermi energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal,fermie
where the type of the different variables is :
character*6 :: codvsn
integer :: headform,fform
integer :: bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(3),nkpt,
nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,ntypat,occopt,pertcase
double precision :: acell(3),ecut,ecutsm,ecut_eff,qptn(3),rprimd(3,3),tphysel,tsmear
integer :: istwfk(nkpt),nband(nkpt*nsppol),npwarr(nkpt),so_typat(ntypat),stmbias,&
& symafm(nsym),symrel(3,3,nsym),typat(natom)
double precision :: kpt(3,nkpt),occ(bantot),tnons(3,nsym),znucltypat(ntypat)
character*132 :: title
double precision :: znuclpsp,zionpsp
integer :: pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc,lmax,lloc,mmax=integers
double precision :: residm,xred(3,natom),etotal,fermie

NOTE : etotal is set to its true value only for density and potential files. For other files, it is set to 1.0d20
NOTE : ecut_eff= ecut* dilatmx2
NOTE : In pre-v4.1, fermie is set to zero for non-metallic occupation numbers, or for non-self-consistent calculations. In v4.1 and later, for all cases where occupation numbers are defined (that is, positive iscf, and iscf=-3), and for non-metallic occupation numbers, the Fermi energy is set to the highest occupied eigenenergy.

The header might differ for different versions of ABINIT. The pre-v4.2 formats are described below. Note however, that the current version of ABINIT is able to read all these formats (not to write them).

The format for version 4.1 was :

 write(unit=header) codvsn,headform,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,npsp,ntypat,occopt,pertcase,&
& ecut,ecutsm,ecut_eff,qptn(1:3),rprimd(1:3,1:3),tphysel,tsmear
 write(unit=header) istwfk(1:nkpt),nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),so_typat(1:ntypat),symafm(1:nsym),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucltypat(1:ntypat)
 do ipsp=1,npsp
! (npsp lines, 1 for each pseudopotential ; npsp=ntypat, except if alchemical pseudo-atoms)
  write(unit=unit) title,znuclpsp,zionpsp,pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy, Fermi energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal,fermie

The format for version 4.0 was :

 write(unit=header) codvsn,headform,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,npsp,ntypat,occopt,&
& ecut,ecutsm,ecut_eff,rprimd(1:3,1:3),tphysel,tsmear
 write(unit=header) istwfk(1:nkpt),nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),so_typat(1:ntypat),symafm(1:nsym),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucltypat(1:ntypat)
 do ipsp=1,npsp
! (npsp lines, 1 for each pseudopotential ; npsp=ntypat, except if alchemical pseudo-atoms)
  write(unit=unit) title,znuclpsp,zionpsp,pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy, Fermi energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal,fermie

The format for version 3.4 was :

 write(unit=header) codvsn,headform,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,npsp,ntypat,occopt,ecut_eff,rprimd(1:3,1:3)
 write(unit=header) nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),istwfk(1:nkpt),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucltypat(1:ntypat)
 do ipsp=1,npsp
! (npsp lines, 1 for each pseudopotential ; npsp=ntypat, except if alchemical pseudo-atoms)
  write(unit=unit) title,znuclpsp,zionpsp,pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy, Fermi energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal,fermie

The format for versions 2.3 to 3.3 was :

 write(unit=header) codvsn,headform,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nspden,nspinor,nsppol,nsym,ntypat,occopt,acell(1:3),ecut_eff,rprimd(1:3,1:3)
 write(unit=header) nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),istwfk(1:nkpt),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucl(1:ntypat)
 do itypat=1,ntypat
! (ntypat lines, 1 for each psp...)
  write(unit=unit) title,znucl,zion,pspso,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc,lmax,lloc,mmax
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy, Fermi energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal,fermie

The format for versions 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 was :

 write(unit=header) codvsn,fform
 write(unit=header) bantot,date,intxc,ixc,natom,ngfft(1:3),&
& nkpt,nsppol,nsym,ntypat,acell(1:3),ecut_eff,rprimd(1:3,1:3)
 write(unit=header) nband(1:nkpt*nsppol),&
& npwarr(1:nkpt),symrel(1:3,1:3,1:nsym),typat(1:natom),istwfk(1:nkpt),&
& kpt(1:3,1:nkpt),occ(1:bantot),tnons(1:3,1:nsym),znucl(1:ntypat)
 do itypat=1,ntypat
! (ntypat lines, 1 for each psp...)
  write(unit=unit)   title,znucl,zion,pspdat,pspcod,pspxc,lmax,lloc,mmax
 enddo
!(final record: residm, coordinates, total energy)
 write(unit=unit) residm,xred(1:3,1:natom),etotal

 

6.5. The density output file

This is an unformatted data file containing the electron density on the real space FFT grid. It consists of the header records followed by

do ispden=1,nspden
 write(unit) (rhor(ir),ir=1,cplex*ngfft(1)*ngfft(2)*ngfft(3))
enddo
where rhor is the electron density in electrons/bohr^3, and cplex is the number of complex components of the density (cplex=1 for GS calculations -the density is real-, and cplex=1 or 2 for RF). The input variable nspden describes the number of components of the density. The first component (the only one present when nspden=1) is always the total charge density. When nspden=2, the second component is the density associated with spin-up electrons. The case nspden=4 is not yet implemented. Note that the meaning of the different components of the density differs for the density array (rhor) and for the different potential arrays (vxc ...), see section 6.6 .

To identify the points in real space which correspond with the index "ir" above, consider the following.
The first array value (ir=1) corresponds with the first grid point which is at the origin of the unit cell, (x=0, y=0, z=0).
The next grid point (ir=2) lies along the first primitive translation at the next fft grid point, which is (1/ngfft(1))*acell(1)*rprim(mu,1). This is 1/ngfft(1) of the way along the first primitive translation.
The rest of the values up to ir=ngfft(1) lie along this vector, at (ir-1)/ngfft(1) of the way along the first primitive translation. The point at ir=ngfft(1)+1 lies at 1/ngfft(2) along the second primitive translation.
The next points up to ir=ngfft(1)+ngfft(1) are displaced in the direction of the second primitive translation by 1/ngfft(2) and in the first translation by (ir-ngfft(1)-1)/ngfft(1).
This pattern continues until ir=ngfft(1)*ngfft(2).
The next point after that is displaced along the third primitive translation by 1/ngfft(3), and so forth until ir varies all the way from 1 to ngfft(1)*ngfft(2)*ngfft(3). This last point is in the corner diagonally opposite from the origin, or right alongside the origin if the whole grid is viewed as being periodically repeated.

 

6.6. The potential files

Also unformatted files consisting of the header records and

do ispden=1,nspden
 write(unit) (potential(ir),ir=1,cplex*ngfft(1)*ngfft(2)*ngfft(3))
enddo

where potential can be either the sum of the Hartree potential, exchange-correlation and local pseudopotential (see prtpot), the Hartree potential (see prtvha), the Hartree+XC potential (see prtvhxc), or the XC potential (see prtvxc), These are defined on the real space grid in hartree energy units. The underlying grid is as described above. If nspden=2, the different components are the spin-up potential and the spin-down potential. The case nspden=4 is not yet implemented. Note that the Hartree potential is NOT spin-dependent, but in order to use the same format as for the other potential files, the spin-independent array is written twice, once for spin-up and one for spin-down.

 

 

6.7. The wavefunction output file

This is an unformatted data file containing the planewaves coefficients of all the wavefunctions, and different supplementary data.

The ground-state wf file consists of the header records, and data written with the following lines of FORTRAN (version 4.0 and more recent versions):

       bantot=0                                    <-- counts over all bands
       do isppol=1,nsppol
        do ikpt=1,nkpt
         write(unit) npw,nspinor,nband                    <-- for each k point
         write(unit) kg(1:3,1:npw)                        <-- plane wave reduced coordinates
         write(unit) eigen(1+bantot:nband+bantot),        <-- eigenvalues for this k point
                     occ(1+bantot:nband+bantot)           <-- occupation numbers for this k point
         do iband=1,nband
          write(unit) (cg(ii+...),ii=1,2*npw*nspinor)     <-- wavefunction coefficients
         enddo                                            for a single band and k point
         bantot=bantot+nband
        enddo
       enddo

If the job ended without problem, and if one is not using newsp, a few supplementary lines are added, in order to give the history of atomic positions and corresponding forces. The integer nxfh gives the number of pairs (x,f) of positions and forces in reduced coordinates :

 write(unit)nxfh
 do ixfh=1,nxfh
  write(unit) xred(1:3,1:natom,ixfh),dummy(1:3,1:4),&
&             fred(1:3,1:natom,ixfh),dummy(1:3,1:4)
 enddo
The dummy variables might contain, in the future, the description of the unit cell, and the stresses. The type of the different variables is :
integer :: kg,nband,npw,nspinor,nxfh
double precision :: cg,dummy,eigen,fred,occ,xred

The response-function wf file consists of the header records, and data written with the following lines of FORTRAN (version 4.0 and more recent versions):

       bantot=0                                    <-- counts over all bands
       do isppol=1,nsppol
        do ikpt=1,nkpt
         write(unit) npw,nspinor,nband                    <-- for each k point
         write(unit) kg(1:3,1:npw)                        <-- plane wave reduced coordinates
         do iband=1,nband
          write(unit) (eigen(jband+(iband-1)*nband+bantot),jband=1,2*nband)  <-- column of eigenvalue matrix
          write(unit) (cg(ii+...),ii=1,2*npw*nspinor)     <-- wavefunction coefficients
         enddo                                            for a single band and k point
         bantot=bantot+nband
        enddo
       enddo

In version previous to 4.0 , npw and nspinor were combined :

write(unit) npw*nspinor,nband
while the planewave coordinate record was not present (in both GS and RF cases).

Note that there is an alternative format (_KSS) for the output of the wavefunction coefficients, activated by a non-zero value of nbandkss.

 

6.8. Other output files.

There are many other output files, optionally written, all formatted files at present. Their use is usually governed by a specific input variable. Please consult the description of this input variable, in order to have more information on such files :

 

 

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 


 

7. Numerical quality of the calculations

The following section describes various parameters which affect convergence and the numerical quality of calculations.

The list of these input parameters is


The technical design of the pseudopotential also affects the quality of the results.

(1) The first issue regarding convergence is the number of planewaves in the basis for a given set of atoms. Some atoms (notably those in the first row or first transition series row) have relatively deep pseudopotentials which require many planewaves for convergence. In contrast are atoms like Si for which fewer planewaves are needed. A typical value of "ecut" for silicon might be 5-10 hartree for quite good convergence, while the value for oxygen might be 25-35 hartree or more depending on the convergence desired and the design of the pseudo- potential.

NOTE: It is necessary in every new problem to TEST the convergence by RAISING ecut for a given calculation until the results being computed are constant to within some tolerance. This is up to the user and is very important. For a given acell and rprim, ecut is the parameter which controls the number of planewaves. Of course if rprim or acell is varied then the number of planewaves will also change.

Let us reiterate that extremely careful pseudopotential design can optimize the convergence of e.g. the total energy within some range of planewave number or ecut. It is appropriate to attempt to optimize this convergence, especially for difficult atoms like oxygen or copper, as long as one does not significantly compromise the quality or transferability of the pseudopotential. There are many people working on new techniques for optimizing convergence.

For information on extended norm conservation, see E. L. Shirley, D. C. Allan, R. M. Martin, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 40, 3652 (1989).

For information on optimizing the convergence of pseudopotentials, see A. M. Rappe, K. M. Rabe, E. Kaxiras, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 41, 1227 (1990).

(2) In addition to achieving convergence in the number of planewaves in the basis, one must ensure that the SCF iterations which solve the electronic structure for a given set of atomic coordinates are also converged. This convergence is controlled by the parameters toldfe, toldff, tolwfr, and tolvrs, as well as the parameter nstep. One of the "tolerance" parameters must be chosen, and, when the required level of tolerance is fulfilled, the SCF cycles will stop. The nstep variable also controls convergence in preconditioned conjugate gradient iterations by forcing the calculation to stop whenever the number of such iterations exceeds nstep. Usually one wants nstep to be set larger than needed to reach a given tolerance, or else one wants to restart insufficiently converged calculations until the required tolerance is reached.

Note that, if the gap in the system closes (e.g. due to defect formation or if the system is metallic in the first place), the presently coded algorithm will be slower to converge than for insulating materials. Convergence trouble during iterations usually signals closure of the gap. The code will suggest to treat at least one unoccupied state (or band) in order to be able to monitor such a closure.

(3) For self consistent calculations (iscf positive) it is important to test the adequacy of the k point integration. If symmetry is used then one usually tests a set of "special point" grids. Otherwise one tests the addition of more and more k points, presumably on uniform grids, to ensure that a sufficient number has been included for good k point integration. The parameter nkpt indicates how many k points are being used, and their coordinates are given by kpt and kptnrm, described above. The weight given to each k point is provided by input variable wtk. Systematic tests of k point integration are much more difficult than tests of the adequacy of the number of planewaves. The difficulty I refer to is simply the lack of a very systematic method for generating k point grids for tests.

(4) It is possible to run calculations for which the fft box is not quite large enough to avoid aliasing error in fft convolutions. An aliasing error, or a fourier filter approximation, is occurring when the output variable "boxcut" is less than 2. boxcut is the smallest ratio of the fft box side to the planewave basis sphere diameter. If this ratio is 2 or larger then e.g. the calculation of the Hartree potential from the charge density is done without approximation.
NOTE : the values of ngfft(1:3) are chosen automatically by the code to give boxcut > 2, if ngfft has not been set by hand. At ratios smaller than 2, certain of the highest fourier components are corrupted in the convolution. If the basis is nearly complete, this fourier filter can be an excellent approximation. In this case values of boxcut can be as small as about 1.5 without incurring significant error. For a given ecut, acell, and rprim, one should run tests for which ngfft is large enough to give boxcut >= 2, and then one may try smaller values of ngfft if the results are not significantly altered. See the descriptions of these variables above.

(5) If you are running calculations to relax or equilibrate structures, i.e. with ionmov=1 and possibly vis>0, then the quality of your molecular dynamics or relaxation will be affected by the parameters amu, dtion, vis, ntime, tolmxf. Clearly if you want a relaxed structure you must either run long enough or make repeated runs until the largest force in the problem (output as fmax) is smaller than what you will tolerate (see tolmxf).
If dtion is too large for the given values of masses (amu) and viscosity (vis) then the molecular dynamics will be unstable. If dtion is too small, then the molecular dynamics will move inefficiently slowly. A consensus exists in the community that forces larger than about 0.1 eV/Angstrom are really too large to consider the relaxation to be converged. It is best for the user to get experience with this in his/her own application.
The option ionmov=2, 3 or 7 are also available This uses the Broyden (BFGS) scheme for structural optimization and is much more efficient than viscous damping for structural relaxation.

(6) If you are running supercell calculations (i.e. an isolated atom or molecule in a big box, or a defect in a solid, or a slab calculation) you must check the convergence of your calculation with respect to the supercell and system size.

If you follow the tutorial, you should go back to the tutorial window now.

 


8. Final remarks

The ABINIT package is developped by the ABINIT group. The status of this package and the ABINIT group are explained in the file ~ABINIT/Infos/context and ~ABINIT/Infos/planning, or some recent version of them.

Please send questions and constructive criticisms of the code or this documentation, as well as bug reports (see ~ABINIT/Infos/bug_report) to

Xavier Gonze

Unité PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain
1, place Croix du Sud
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgium
tel:     (+32) 10 472076
fax:    (+32) 10 473452
email gonze@pcpm.ucl.ac.be

or to

Douglas C. Allan

SP-FR-05
Corning Incorporated
Corning, NY 14831
USA
tel:     (+1) 607 974 3498
fax:    (+1) 607 974 3675
email allandc@corning.com

Correspondence by email is usually most convenient.


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